
Dr. Susan Kahlenberg, associate professor, and Dr. Kate Ranieri, assistant professor, presented their individual research at the National Communication Association Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana, November 17-20.
Dr. Kahlenberg presented her paper, “The Selling of Gender and Brand Identity in Toy Commercials: A Content Anlaysis.”
Guided by cultivation and cognitive development theories, it is argued that toy commercials socialize children to gendered toys. As toys represent ideologies of our culture and are instrumental to children’s play, this study examines the extent toy commercials expose children to traditional gender stereotypes. A content analysis explored 1,091 toy commercials airing during after-school hours on Nickelodeon. This network touts itself as having a progressive corporate mindset, with diverse casts, yet it sustained advertising support via toy commercials that consistently featured traditional gender stereotypes and high frequency counts of branding. Thus, the network eschewed innovation for advertising revenue. Measurements of the type of toy, voice over, gender portrayal, dominant product user, interaction, setting, and activity revealed how commercials reaffirm gender stereotypes, and in turn, influence children’s understanding of their social worlds.
Dr. Ranieri presented a paper titled, “Malachi: The Return of the Dead.”
This paper explores the voices of the iconic Malachi, a grotesque image of the fetal body that capitalizes on the monstrous to shock viewers. It argues that while pro-life activists believe this image voices their belief that abortion is a threat to the moral order, the tone of that voice actually makes audiences less sympathetic to pro-life activists. The young, the old, the women the activists seek to address often hear in the Malachi image not a cry for restore to moral order, but a disruption thereof. Its voice is loud, but for whom does it speak, and to what effect?
This paper is based on a five-month study of protest activities at a clinic offering abortions in northeastern Pennsylvania. A survey of activists revealed that most believed the image “showed” the public what abortion is all about, laying bare the results of the terminated pregnancy. Yet most aborted fetuses bear little or no resemblance to the Malachi image, which represents a pregnancy terminated far later than most. De-contextualized and made to speak on behalf all abortion, it does not elicit understanding but emotion. It represents not an argument, but what Jacques Derrida calls a “return of the dead,” a haunting indexed to trouble a culture’s present and future. This haunting is, in effect, an assault on the emotions.
Yet the study suggests that while the image does indeed assault the emotions, it does so in a manner at cross-purposes with the goals of its users. Those exposed to the image accuse it of insensitivity. They believe its voice too unsettles children, the very population the activists seek to protect. They express misgivings about its power to drown out the voices of the women who use the clinic. In asking the Malachi to speak on their behalf, the protestors alienate the very people they hope to protect and persuade.